Controlled sequential shape changing components by 3D printing of shape memory polymer multimaterials. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng: IOP Publishing 2018:012123. Advancements in the research of 4D printing-a review. Ramesh S, Usha C, Naulakha NK, Adithyakumar C, Reddy MLK. Additive manufacturing: scientific and technological challenges, market uptake and opportunities. Tofail SAM, Koumoulos EP, Bandyopadhyay A, Bose S, O’Donoghue L, Charitidis C. A review on powder-based additive manufacturing for tissue engineering: selective laser sintering and inkjet 3D printing. Shirazi SFS, Gharehkhani S, Mehrali M, Yarmand H, Metselaar HSC, Adib Kadri N, et al. 4D printing: fundamentals, materials, applications and challenges. 2021 24:e00169.Īhmed A, Arya S, Gupta V, Furukawa H, Khosla A. 4D printing classroom in modern interactive learning environments. 4D bioprinting for biomedical applications. Gao B, Yang Q, Zhao X, Jin G, Ma Y, Xu F. 4D printed shape memory polymers and their structures for biomedical applications. 4D-printed dynamic materials in biomedical applications: chemistry, challenges, and their future perspectives in the clinical sector. Zhou W, Qiao Z, Nazarzadeh Zare E, Huang J, Zheng X, Sun X, et al. 3D bioprinting in regenerative engineering: principles and applications. 3D/4D-printed bending-type soft pneumatic actuators: fabrication, modelling, and control. Zolfagharian A, Mahmud MAP, Gharaie S, Bodaghi M, Kouzani AZ, Kaynak A. Spiegel CA, Hippler M, Münchinger A, Bastmeyer M, Barner-Kowollik C, Wegener M, et al. Kumar SB, Jeevamalar J, Ramu P, Suresh G, Senthilnathan K. The status, challenges, and future of additive manufacturing in engineering. Gao W, Zhang Y, Ramanujan D, Ramani K, Chen Y, Williams CB, et al. 4D printing of materials for the future: opportunities and challenges. Joshi S, Rawat K, Karunakaran C, Rajamohan V, Mathew AT, Koziol K, et al. 4D printing and stimuli-responsive materials in biomedical aspects. Lui YS, Sow WT, Tan LP, Wu Y, Lai Y, Li H. Finally, potential applications of 4D printing in the biomedical sector are also discussed with challenges and future perspectives. In addition, this review highlights material aspects, specifically related to shape-memory polymers, stimuli-responsive materials (classified as physical, chemical, and biological), and modified materials, the backbone of 4D printing technology. It also discusses the time-dependent behavior of stimulus-sensitive compounds, which are widely used in 4D printing. The current review mainly focuses on the basics of 4D printing and the methods used therein. Tissue engineering, medicinal, consumer items, aerospace, and organ engineering use 4D printing technology. The 4D printing paradigm, a revolutionary enhancement of 3D printing, was anticipated by various engineering disciplines. The 4D printing is suitable with current progress in smart compounds, printers, and its mechanism of action. 4D printing allows highly controlled shapes to simulate the physiological milieu by adding time dimensions. The printing of smart substances that respond to external stimuli is known as 4D printing. The advancement of four-dimensional (4D) printing has been fueled by the rise in demand for additive manufacturing and the expansion in shape-memory materials.
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